Crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules are an important part of the photovoltaic power generation system. The quality of the modules directly affects the power generation performance of the power station. The main components are tempered glass, EVA, cells, ribbons, backplanes, frames, junction boxes, sealants, etc. Material properties and common appearance defects are as follows:

Learn to understand the composition and structure of photovoltaic modules

1. Cells

Crystalline silicon cells are mainly made of semiconductor silicon. After the light is irradiated on the semiconductor, the P-N junction of the cell receives light (the P-type junction is silicon doped with trivalent boron, the N-type junction is silicon doped with pentavalent phosphorus, the junction of the two is the P-N junction, and silicon is tetravalent Semiconductors) create a potential difference and thus a current flow. At present, the thickness of the cell is 200±20μm, and it is easy to be damaged by force during the production process. The common problems are shown in the figure below:

2. Ribbon

The soldering strips used in multibusbar solar photovoltaic modules are tin-coated copper strips, which are divided into interconnection strips and bus strips. The interconnection strips are used to connect battery sheets, and the bus strips are used to connect battery strings, which play the role of conducting electricity and collecting electricity; common defects at the welding strips include welding There are material problems and welding problems, as shown in the figure below:

3. Glass

The photovoltaic module adopts low-iron toughened suede glass (or coating), which has the protection of battery cells, waterproof, high light transmittance, reliable wind pressure resistance, and hail impact resistance. Common problems can be divided into glass material reasons and external force reasons, as shown in the following figure:

4. EVA

EVA is used to encapsulate spliced battery strings, which is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. EVA is non-viscosity at room temperature and easy to operate. After certain process conditions, hot pressing will undergo fusion bonding and cross-linking curing, and become completely transparent. The cured EVA can withstand atmospheric changes and is elastic. In addition, after it is bonded to glass, it can increase the light transmittance of the glass, play the role of anti-reflection, and have a gain effect on the output of solar cell components. Common problems can be divided into material reasons and process reasons, as shown in the following figure:

5. Backplane

At present, the commonly used backplane structures include TPT, TPE, TPF, KPK, KPF, etc., which are used as packaging materials on the back of the module. It reflects sunlight, so the efficiency of the module is slightly improved, and because of its high infrared emissivity, it can also reduce the operating temperature of the module, which is also conducive to improving the efficiency of the module. It also needs to have properties such as aging resistance, corrosion resistance, water vapor penetration resistance, and insulation. Common problems can be divided into backplane material, process, and external force reasons, as shown in the following figure:

6. Border

The frame used by the PERC photovoltaic module is aluminum profile, and the surface of the aluminum profile is anodized, which has the properties of insulation and corrosion resistance, protects the component, increases the load-bearing capacity, and is convenient for transportation and installation. Common problems can be divided into material reasons and external force reasons, as shown in the figure below:

7. Junction box

The junction box used by photovoltaic modules is composed of a box cover, a box body, a pole tube, a connecting wire, and a connector; the sealing method usually includes potting glue sealing and sealing ring sealing, and its main functions are as follows:

(1) Connect the lead wire of the component to derive the current generated by the component.

(2) Protection: heat dissipation, prevent hot spot effect, seal anti-aging.

The common problems of junction boxes are mainly due to material and process reasons, as shown in the following figure:

8. Sealant

Photovoltaic modules are currently mainly sealed with silica gel or adhesive tape, which must have the characteristics of waterproof, UV resistance, and weather resistance, as shown in the figure below:

(1) Connect the lead wire of the component to derive the current generated by the component.

(2) Protection: heat dissipation, prevent hot spot effect, seal anti-aging.

Introduction to Intelligent Control System of Solar Power Panel Internet of Things

A solar panel is a device that uses solar energy to convert light energy into electrical energy, and is an important form of clean energy. The power generation efficiency and stability of solar power generation panels directly affect the feasibility and economy of solar power generation. With the development of the Internet of Things technology, the emergence of the solar power generation panel Internet of Things intelligent control system has brought new changes to the application of solar power generation.

1. The concept and composition of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system
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The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system is a system that uses the Internet of Things technology to realize intelligent control of solar power panels. The system is composed of solar power panels, sensors, controllers, communication modules, data processing modules, etc., and realizes the monitoring, control and management of solar power panels through the Internet of Things technology.

1. Solar panels: Solar panels are the core components of solar power generation systems, responsible for converting solar energy into electrical energy.

2. Sensor: The sensor is an important part of the solar power panel IoT intelligent control system, which is responsible for monitoring the temperature, light intensity, voltage and other parameters of the solar power panel.

3. Controller: The controller is the core part of the solar power panel IoT intelligent control system, responsible for controlling and adjusting the solar power panel to ensure the normal operation of the solar power system.

4. Communication module: The communication module is an important part of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system, which is responsible for communicating with the Internet to realize remote control and management.

5. Data processing module: The data processing module is an important part of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system, which is responsible for processing and analyzing the data collected by the solar panel sensor and providing decision support.

2. Functions and advantages of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system

1. Remote monitoring and control: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can realize remote monitoring and control of solar power panels, which is convenient for users to perform remote management and control.

2. Intelligent adjustment: The intelligent control system of the solar power generation panel Internet of Things can perform intelligent adjustment and control according to the temperature, light intensity, voltage and other parameters of the solar power generation panel monitored in real time, so as to improve the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system.

3. Fault diagnosis and early warning: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can monitor the operating status of the solar power panel, perform fault diagnosis and early warning in time, and reduce failure losses.

4. Energy saving and emission reduction: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can intelligently manage and control the solar power generation system, saving energy and reducing carbon emissions.

5. Improve economic benefits: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can improve the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system, reduce operating costs, and improve economic benefits.

3. Application of solar power panel IoT intelligent control system

The solar panel IoT intelligent control system can be widely used in the field of solar power generation, including household solar power generation, commercial solar power generation, industrial solar power generation and other fields. Specific applications include:

1. Home solar power generation system: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can realize remote monitoring and control of the home solar power generation system, improving the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system.

2. Commercial solar power generation system: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can realize intelligent management and control of commercial solar power generation systems and improve economic benefits.

3. Industrial solar power generation system: The intelligent control system of the solar power generation panel Internet of Things can realize the intelligent control and adjustment of the industrial solar power generation system, and improve the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system.

4. Conclusion

The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system is a system that uses the Internet of Things technology to realize intelligent control of solar power panels. It has the advantages of remote monitoring and control, intelligent adjustment, fault diagnosis and early warning, energy saving and emission reduction, and improvement of economic benefits. The system can be widely used in the field of solar power generation, and has brought new changes to the application of solar power generation.

Technology development trend of photovoltaic cells - P to N is imperative.

Photovoltaic solar cells technology iterations continue to focus on “efficiency enhancement” + “cost reduction” At present, the average mass production efficiency of PERC cells is 23.2%, and the theoretical conversion efficiency limit is 24.5%. The mass production efficiency has already approached the theoretical limit of efficiency, making it difficult to increase the efficiency of PERC cells significantly. N-type solar cells technology iteration is imperative.

Compared with traditional P-type solar cells, N-type solar cells have the advantages of high conversion efficiency, high bifaciality, low temperature coefficient, almost no light decay, and good weak light effect. Currently, mainstream N-type solar cells include TOPCon, HJT, IBC, etc. TOPCon has high limit efficiency and low cost of production line transformation; HJT has high mass production efficiency and a clear cost reduction route; IBC conversion upper limit is higher, but economical improvement still takes time. At present, the actual mass production yield rate of Topon is 24%-25.2%, and the actual mass production efficiency of HJT is about 25%, which is 1%-2% higher than that of P-type PERC cells.

The first generation of cells—silicon-based solar cells: the battle between monocrystalline and polycrystalline mainstreams

In 1839, French scientist A.E. Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect. When two pieces of platinum metal were clicked and inserted into an acidic solution, an electric current flowed between the electrodes, opening the door to the world of photovoltaics. By 1954, the United States produced the first monocrystalline silicon solar cell, marking the birth of photovoltaic power generation technology.

P-type and N-type iterations, leading XBC solar cell

In recent years, as the conversion efficiency of P-type solar cell has gradually approached the “ceiling”, it has become a general trend to iterate from P-type to N-type technology. As far as the first half of 2023 is concerned, about 19.55% of N-type solar module projects have been targeted, and N-type shipments and production capacity of various photovoltaic companies have increased to varying degrees.

According to the latest module efficiency published on the report, the top-ranked modules are basically N-type solar panels.

On September 5th, 2023, LONGi announced its bet on XBC solar cells. TOPCON and HJT use new passivation contact structures to improve the passivation effect and thereby increase conversion efficiency. The front of XBC solar cells is not blocked by metal grid lines, eliminating the front metal electrode structure. , able to maximize the utilization of incident light.

Compared with HIT solar cells and XBC solar cells, TOPCON solar cells have better compatibility with P-type solar cells production lines and lower transformation costs. The transformation investment per GW is about 50-70 million, making it main layout object in the current N-type solar cell production capacity of photovoltaic companies .

France has submitted an updated National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), raising its solar photovoltaic installed capacity target to 60GW in 2030.

Compared with the previous NECP submitted in 2019, the new draft adds at least 14GW of installed photovoltaic capacity. By 2035, France aims to increase its cumulative photovoltaic installed capacity to 75-100GW.

Although this increase may not be high compared with neighboring countries such as Spain and Italy. These two countries aim to have PV installed capacity of 76GW and 80GW respectively by 2030, especially Spain, which plans to nearly double its previous solar PV target.

Nuclear power appears to remain an important part of France’s electricity decarbonization goals, as the draft NECP shows that the word “nuclear power” is mentioned 104 times and “solar” 19 times, many of which are related to solar heat. Last year, nuclear power accounted for 62.2% of France’s electricity generation, wind power accounted for 8.7%, and solar power accounted for only 4.2%.

As of the end of 2022, France’s photovoltaic installed capacity was 15.7GW, of which 2.6GW was added last year, accounting for more than half of the total newly installed renewable energy capacity in 2022 (more than 5GW).

Other updated targets include France’s plan to add 5.5-7GW of new photovoltaic capacity per year. Most of the new capacity is expected to come from large-scale ground-mounted PV, accounting for 65%, rooftop commercial and industrial will account for 25%, and the remaining 10% will be household solar.

According to a recent report from The Insight Partners, the lithium-ion battery energy storage market is on the rise. It is expected to be worth $26.22 billion by 2028, up from $7.97 billion in 2022, with a strong Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.9% from 2023 to 2028. This uptick is reshaping the global energy storage landscape, and industry leaders are bracing for rapid expansion.

Global Trends:

The market is divided into four regions: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), and the Rest of the World (RoW). APAC led the charge in 2022, and it is expected to maintain the fastest growth rate from 2023 to 2028.

Key Players:

LG Chem Ltd., CATL, Samsung SDI, Panasonic Corporation, and BYD Co., Ltd. are driving innovation and influencing the future of lithium-ion battery technology.

End-User Landscape:

The market caters to the residential, commercial, industrial, and utility industries. The utility sector took the lead in 2022, owing to the increasing adoption of lithium-ion batteries for their efficiency and grid stabilization capabilities.

Sustainable Energy Transition:

Lithium-ion batteries are quickly becoming the preferred option for power utilities seeking to store renewable energy. This is consistent with the global shift toward sustainability. These batteries are not only environmentally friendly, but they also provide dependable backup power during peak demand.

AJPOWER’s Contribution:

AJPOWER is committed to driving innovation in lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO4) in this era of energy transformation. Our cutting-edge power batteries and home energy storage solutions are at the forefront of this energy revolution. As the lithium-ion battery market expands, AJPOWER is poised to contribute to a more sustainable and energy-efficient future. Join us on this exciting journey as we work together to empower tomorrow.

In the vibrant city of Dubai, AJPOWER recently took center stage at the Solar Photovoltaic Exhibition SME, held from March 6 to March 8, 2023. The exhibition proved to be a resounding success, resonating with the energy and enthusiasm that defines this modern hub. As we immersed ourselves in the innovative atmosphere, we were thrilled to witness the spirit of collaboration take shape. Several valuable partnerships were forged during the event, marking the beginning of a shared commitment to building a green energy world.

The success and warm reception in Dubai spurred our confidence, prompting us to participate non-stop in the upcoming China International Trade Expo (UAE). Scheduled to unfold at the prestigious Dubai World Trade Center from December 19 to December 21, 2023, this expo promises to be a continuation of the positive momentum generated during the Solar Photovoltaic Exhibition SME.

At the heart of the action will be our exhibition space in Hall Arena AF114, the first exhibition hall. It’s here that we invite friends, partners, and enthusiasts of green energy to join us, explore our offerings, and engage in meaningful conversations. We are excited to share updates, showcase our cutting-edge lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO4), and unveil the latest innovations in home energy storage systems and **power batteries,**In particular, sodium-ion batteries are brought to the exhibition for the first time, which will be the beginning of another energy revolution.

Dubai, with its wealth and magical allure, presents a fitting backdrop for our endeavors. The city’s forward-thinking approach aligns seamlessly with AJPOWER‘s commitment to sustainable energy solutions. The exhibitions serve as a platform for us to connect with like-minded individuals and businesses, fostering collaborations that will contribute to the realization of a cleaner and greener future.

As we eagerly anticipate the China International Trade Expo (UAE), we extend an open invitation to all to visit our exhibition space, where surprise activities await. Join us on this journey towards a sustainable, energy-efficient world. Together, let’s make a difference and illuminate Dubai with the brilliance of green energy. Stay tuned for updates, and we look forward to welcoming you at Hall Arena AF114.

P-type and N-type solar cells are two common types named after the silicon substrate they use. P-type silicon is doped with boron, creating positive charge carriers, while N-type silicon is doped with phosphorus, generating negative charge carriers. When joined, they form a P-N junction, the basic unit of a solar cell.

Differences:

-Efficiency: N-type cells generally have higher efficiency due to fewer recombination losses, tolerance to impurities, and lower sensitivity to light-induced degradation. Advanced technologies like TOPCon, HJT, and IBC contribute to higher efficiency, with a theoretical limit of 28.7% for N-type versus 24.5% for P-type.

- Cost: P-type cells are less expensive due to simpler manufacturing processes, mature technology, and higher yield. However, the cost gap is expected to narrow as N-type cells improve production efficiency.

- Stability: N-type cells exhibit higher stability with a lower temperature coefficient, higher bifaciality, no light-induced degradation, and less potential-induced degradation. They withstand harsh environmental conditions better, ensuring a longer lifespan and greater reliability compared to P-type cells.

Future Trends and Technologies:

- P-type Cells: Dominant in the market, P-type cells (80% of global production) rely on PERC technology, incorporating a rear passivation layer to enhance efficiency and stability. Ongoing advancements include larger wafer sizes, half-cut cells, multi-busbar contacts, and shingled modules. However, P-type cells face increasing competition from N-type cells.

- N-type Cells: Accounting for 15% of global production, N-type cells utilize technologies like TOPCon, HJT, and IBC to establish passivated contacts, reducing recombination losses and increasing efficiency. N-type cells aim for higher efficiency potential, lower degradation rates, and reduced costs through innovations such as thinner wafers, MWT cells, and tandem modules.

SpolarPV as a Solar Solution Provider:

- SpolarPV Technology Co., Ltd is a leading solar solution provider with a focus on designing, manufacturing, and marketing solar cells, modules, and power systems.

- Established in 2010 and headquartered in Nanjing, China, SpolarPV has a state-of-the-art facility with an annual production capacity of 800MW and a global sales network spanning over 50 countries.

- SpolarPV offers a diverse range of high-quality solar products, including P-type and N-type solar cells and modules, full black and dual glass modules, BIPV modules, and customized solutions for various applications.

- A flagship product is the 625W TOPCon solar module, utilizing 210mm N-type cells with a conversion efficiency of 22.08%. The module excels in challenging conditions and is ideal for large-scale ground-mounted solar systems, optimizing power generation and return on investment.

- Committed to innovation, quality, service, and sustainability, SpolarPV aims to contribute to the global energy transition and environmental protection.

- For more information on SpolarPV’s products and services, interested parties are encouraged to contact them for a brighter and greener future.

1. Home backup system:

When AC grid power is available, inverter charges battery, at the same time, AC grid power bypass through inverter to household appliances, such as refrigerator, TV. When AC grid power is off, it will automatic transfer switch to battery power and convert DC to AC power.

2. Wind or Solar Power system:

Convert DC to AC power. When battery power is lacking, it will automatic transfer to grid power for powering continuously.

Solar energy has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional power sources. To harness the maximum potential of solar power, an essential component is a solar pure sine wave inverter. But how does it work?

A solar pure sine wave inverter is a device that converts the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) compatible with household appliances. Unlike modified sine wave inverters, which produce a choppy and less efficient AC output, pure sine wave inverters generate a smooth and clean electrical signal that mimics the utility grid power.

The secret behind the smooth output lies in the internal circuitry of the inverter. The DC power from the solar panels enters the inverter, where it undergoes a two-step process. First, the DC power is transformed into a high-frequency AC signal using power transistors. Next, this high-frequency AC is converted into a pure sine wave using filtering and modulation techniques.

This pure sine wave output ensures that sensitive electronic devices, such as laptops, televisions, and medical equipment, run smoothly without any interference or damage. It also maximizes the efficiency of appliances, reducing energy waste.

Solar pure sine wave inverters come in various sizes and capacities to cater to different energy demands. Some advanced models also include features like built-in MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) charge controllers, allowing for optimal solar power utilization.

With their reliable and efficient performance, solar pure sine wave inverters have become an essential component of residential and commercial solar power systems. They enable users to make the most of their solar energy investments, ensuring a seamless and uninterrupted power supply.

Investing in a solar pure sine wave inverter is not only an eco-friendly choice but also a smart financial decision in the long run. It not only reduces reliance on conventional power sources but also saves money by harnessing the abundant and free energy from the sun.

In today’s push for renewable energy, home solar energy systems are becoming an increasingly popular option. These systems utilize solar energy to convert light energy into electricity, providing clean, renewable energy for the home. In this article, we’ll cover the workings and components of a home solar system to help us gain a deeper understanding of how it works.

Solar Module

The centerpiece of a home solar system is a photovoltaic module, which usually consists of multiple solar panels. These solar modules convert sunlight into direct current electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials. When sunlight hits the solar panels, the light energy is absorbed by the photovoltaic material and electrons are excited. These free electrons flow through an external circuit to form a DC current. Solar panels need to be secured and placed by solar racking, and residential solar system options are primarily tile roof mounting system,tilt solar racking and so on.

Inverters:

DC electrical energy cannot be supplied directly for use by household appliances and the grid, so an inverter is needed to convert DC to AC power. An inverter is an important part of a solar system that converts the DC energy generated from the PV modules into AC energy that meets the requirements of home appliances and the grid.

Battery system (optional):

Some home solar systems are also equipped with a battery system for storing excess solar power. When the solar system produces more electricity than the home needs, the excess energy is stored in a battery. At night or during bad weather, the home can draw its electrical supply from the battery system. This provides system independence and reliability.

Grid connection:

Most home solar systems are connected to the electric grid in a configuration known as “grid-tied PV”. When the solar system produces more electricity than the home needs, the excess electricity is fed back into the grid. This is referred to as “feed-in” or “grid reversal”. When the solar system is unable to meet the home’s needs, electricity is automatically taken from the grid to ensure that the home’s electricity needs are met.

Monitoring Systems:

Many home solar systems are also equipped with a monitoring system for real-time monitoring of system performance and power generation. A monitoring system allows a home to see how much power the solar system is generating, its power output, and how well the system is operating. This helps improve system efficiency and identify potential malfunctions or problems in a timely manner.

In conclusion, residential solar systems work by using solar energy to convert light energy into electricity. Photovoltaic modules convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electrical energy, and an inverter converts the DC to AC to supply household electrical equipment. The battery system stores excess electricity and connects to the grid to complement and reverse the flow of electricity. A monitoring system allows households to monitor system performance and power generation in real time to ensure proper operation and optimize efficiency. Choosing the right solar system is very important to increase energy production. At the same time, solar racking, as a necessary component of a solar system, choosing a quality solar racking manufacturer plays a key role in the performance, stability and longevity of the solar system.POWERACK has years of experience in racking, so please feel free to contact us. With a home solar system, we can reduce our dependence on traditional energy sources, realize the use of clean, renewable energy, and contribute to environmental protection.