Motorcycles, as convenient and efficient means of transportation, rely heavily on the reliability and stability of their power systems. Different types of batteries have varying effects on motorcycle performance and user experience. In today's market, Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries remain the mainstream choice in the motorcycle industry. This article will compare open lead-acid batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and sodium-ion batteries, emphasizing the dominant position of VRLA batteries in motorcycles.

Firstly, open lead-acid batteries and VRLA batteries are two common types of lead-acid batteries. Open lead-acid batteries require regular inspection and electrolyte replenishment, making maintenance cumbersome, while VRLA batteries do not need regular water addition, making them more convenient to use and maintain. Additionally, lithium iron phosphate batteries offer higher safety and cycle life compared to lead-acid batteries, while sodium-ion batteries boast lower costs and more abundant resources.

However, despite these advantages, VRLA batteries are still predominantly used in the market. VRLA batteries have a long history of use and technological maturity, accumulating rich application experience in the motorcycle industry. Their stable performance, moderate price, and easy maintenance make VRLA batteries the preferred choice for motorcycle power systems. Particularly in terms of safety, convenience of use, and cost considerations, VRLA batteries continue to hold a dominant position.

Overall, although lithium iron phosphate batteries and sodium-ion batteries have advantages in certain aspects, VRLA batteries remain the primary choice for motorcycle batteries in the current market. With the development of technology and the maturity of new battery technologies, there may be more high-performance batteries suitable for motorcycles in the future. However, for now, VRLA batteries remain one of the most trusted solutions for motorcycle power systems among consumers.

The upper limit of the charging voltage of a single lithium iron phosphate battery is 3.65V. Generally, the upper limit voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery charging is 3.7~4V, and the lower limit voltage of discharging is 2~2.5V. The voltage of lithium battery is one of the important indicators to measure the discharge performance of lithium battery. The unit is volts.

LiFePO4 battery voltage
Common 18650 batteries are divided into lithium-ion batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries. The voltage of lithium ion battery is 3.7v nominal voltage, the charging cut-off voltage is 4.2v, the nominal voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery is 3.2V, the charging cut-off voltage is 3.6v, the capacity is usually 1200mAh-3000mAh, the common capacity is 2200mAh-2600mAh .

Why is the lithium iron phosphate battery voltage 3.2V?
Lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. The cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries mainly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganate, lithium nickel oxide, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc. Among them, lithium cobalt oxide is the cathode material used in the vast majority of lithium-ion batteries.

The nominal voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 3.2V, the high end charge voltage is 3.6V, and the low end discharge voltage is 2.0V. Due to the different quality and process of positive and negative electrode materials and electrolyte materials used by various manufacturers, there will be some differences in their performance.

3.2V lithium iron phosphate battery, which can be discharged in large capacity. Now all electric vehicles use this kind of battery. This kind of battery has a long life and light weight! 3.6V and 3.7V are the same as polymer lithium batteries. The upper limit of polymer lithium batteries is 4.2 and the lower limit is 2.6. The general standard is 3.7V.

The charging voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery should be set at 3.65V and the nominal voltage is 3.2V. Generally, the maximum charging voltage can be higher than 20% of the nominal voltage, but if the voltage is too high, the battery may be damaged. The 3.6V voltage is lower than this indicator. Not overcharged. If the battery is set to a minimum of 3.0V, it needs to be charged, then 3.4V is 0.4V higher than the minimum, and 3.6 is 0.6V higher than the minimum. This 0.2V can release half of the power, which means that each charge is half more than 3.4V. Use time, because the battery is used for a certain number of times, the life is increased by half, so increasing the charging voltage will increase the battery life without damaging the battery.

The discharge platform of the lithium iron phosphate battery is: 3.2V
The discharge range is: 2.5-3.65V
This maximum charging value can be changed according to customer needs (protection board parameters)
Generally, the maximum charging voltage is set at 3.85V
When it reaches 3.85V, the protection voltage is reached, and the protection board will automatically cut off the charging circuit to protect the battery.

Li-ion battery voltage

The discharge platform of the lithium-ion battery refers to the voltage change state of the battery when the fully charged lithium battery is discharged. When the battery is discharged with constant current, the battery voltage has to go through three processes, namely, decrease, stabilize, and decrease again. Among these three processes, the stabilization period is the longest. The longer the stabilization time, the higher the discharge plateau of the battery. The level of the discharge platform is closely related to the battery manufacturing process. It is because the market positioning of each lithium battery manufacturer is different, the technical process is different, the discharge platform controlled by it is different, and the quality is also very different.

Generally speaking, a 18650 lithium battery has a full voltage of 4.2V, and when it is discharged to 3.7V with a 1C current for 60 minutes, then we say that the battery has a capacity of 2200mAh. Nominal voltage, also known as rated voltage, refers to the voltage exhibited by the battery during normal operation. The nominal voltage of lithium batteries is generally 3.7V or 3.6V.

Depending on the cathode material of the lithium battery, the nominal voltage will vary. The nominal voltage of lithium cobalt oxide battery is 3.7V; the nominal voltage of lithium manganate battery is 3.8V; the nominal voltage of lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material is only 3.5-3.6V, but with the continuous improvement of formula and structure Perfect, the nominal voltage of the lithium battery of this material can reach 3.7V; the nominal voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery is the lowest, only 3.2V, but the lithium battery of this material is very safe, will not explode, and the cycle performance is very good and can reach 2000 week.

Lithium-ion batteries have high working voltage (three times that of nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries), large specific energy (up to 165Wh/kg, three times that of nickel-hydrogen batteries), small size, light weight, long cycle life, and self- Low discharge rate, no memory effect, no pollution and many other advantages. Among lithium-ion batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries are more promising. Although this battery has lower specific energy than lithium cobalt oxide batteries, it has high safety and large single battery capacity.

The above is the voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery and the voltage of lithium ion battery. When choosing a lithium battery charger, you should pay attention to the output voltage of the charger. The charging mode is constant current + constant voltage.

As a popular new energy battery, lithium iron phosphate batteries have become popular in recent years because of their own problems, such as whether lithium iron phosphate batteries can continue to be used, or how to repair or what is the cause of swelling . Next, we will make a comprehensive understanding of the protruding problem of lithium iron phosphate batteries.

LiFePO4 battery swelling

1. Reasons for the expansion of lithium iron phosphate batteries

(1) Manufacturing level

The bulging of lithium ion batteries may be the manufacturing level of lithium iron phosphate battery packs, the electrode coating is uneven, and the production process is relatively rough.

(2) Bumps caused by overcharging of lithium-ion batteries

Overcharging will cause all the lithium atoms in the positive electrode material to run into the negative electrode material, resulting in the deformation and collapse of the full grid of the original positive electrode, which is also an important reason for the decrease in the battery capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery. During this process, more and more lithium ions are deposited on the negative electrode, causing the lithium atoms to grow into stumps and crystallize, causing the battery pack to swell.

(3) If the lithium iron phosphate battery is not used for a long time, swelling will also occur, because the air has a certain conductivity. Therefore, if the battery is left for too long, it is equivalent to direct contact between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, resulting in a chronic short circuit.

(4) Excessive expansion

During the first charge-discharge process of a liquid lithium-ion battery, the electrode material reacts with the electrolyte at the solid-liquid interface to form a passivation layer covering the surface of the electrode material. The formed passivation layer can effectively prevent the passage of electrolyte molecules, while Li+ can be freely embedded and exuded from the passivation layer, which has the characteristics of solid electrolyte. Therefore, this passivation layer is called SEI. SEI films are not set in stone. During the charging and discharging process, there will be some changes, the important ones are the reversible changes of organic matter. After the lithium iron phosphate battery pack is overdischarged, the SEI film will be reversibly damaged. When the SEI protecting the anode material is destroyed, the anode material collapses, resulting in a bulge phenomenon.

(5) The violent reaction of the short circuit will generate a lot of heat, which will decompose and evaporate the electrolyte and cause the battery to expand.

(6) Reasons for the low quality of lithium iron phosphate battery chargers. Chargers are made of low-quality circuit boards, innovative or low-quality components. Due to inaccurate heating and parameter drift, the charging voltage limit is out of control, resulting in kneading and deformation of the gas inside the lithium-ion battery, resulting in cracking or even bursting of the battery casing.

(7) Long-term use of lithium iron phosphate batteries will also cause swelling, because the air has a certain conductivity, so if the battery is placed too long, it is equivalent to direct contact between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, resulting in a slow short circuit.

2. Repair the swelling of lithium iron phosphate battery

(1) When the battery expands, first seal the battery with plastic wrap and put it in the refrigerator to cool for about half an hour.
(2) Remove the battery after cooling down, and then remove the wrapping paper on the surface of the battery.
(3) Then use a needle to pierce a small hole on the surface of the lithium-ion battery package.
(4) Press with your fingers to discharge the gas in the battery.
(5) Seal the air holes with tape.

3. The expansion of lithium iron phosphate batteries will reduce the capacity

During the expansion process, the capacity of the lithium-ion battery pack is reduced, and the battery life is significantly shortened. In severe cases, battery life can be short or unusable. At this time, the battery is usually replaced, for safety or to buy a new battery.

4. Can the lithium iron phosphate battery still be used after it is fully charged?

It is not recommended to use the lithium iron phosphate battery after it is fully charged. During the charging process, the capacity of the lithium-ion battery pack decreases, and the battery life is significantly shortened. In severe cases, battery life can be short or unusable. At this time, the battery is usually replaced, for safety or to buy a new battery.

When the lithium-ion battery pack has bulging problems, it is best not to continue using the battery in question. Due to the expansion of the battery, when the expansion reaches a certain limit, it may cause an explosion, which is very dangerous. For your own safety, it is best to replace the lithium-ion battery pack as soon as you notice swelling.

Usually the solar cells we see are single-sided solar cells, which can well accept direct sunlight and convert light energy into electricity. However, they can't do anything about some reflected sunlight. To take advantage of the reflected sunlight, double-sided solar panels must be used.

Bifacial solar panels can generate more electricity than conventional solar panels, but only if they have room for reflected light to reach the back of the panel. This means that they work best in a specific location, rather than placing them right on the roof. If you're mounting your solar panels on a pergola or ground mounted system, a double-sided panel might make perfect sense.

How do double-sided panels work?

A new thermodynamic formula shows that double-sided solar panels generate an average of 15 to 20 percent more solar energy than today's single-sided solar panels, taking into account different terrains such as grass, sand, concrete and dirt. This formula, developed by two physicists at Purdue University, can calculate in minutes the maximum amount of electrical energy a bifacial solar cell can generate in a variety of environments (as defined by thermodynamic limits).

It is understood that there is also enough light reflection on the back of the panel to generate electricity. To get the most out of double-sided panels, there are several key factors to consider.

First, the more reflective the environment around the panels, the more energy they generate. Light-colored environments will reflect more light and improve performance. "We found that when grass turns brown, it becomes more reflective and snow is very reflective," one researcher said in a report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Consultancy Wood Mackenzie It also means that desert countries like Australia, which have a lot of reflective sand, can make better use of double-sided panels than their neighbors, the report said.

Second, there needs to be room for the reflected light to reach the back of the panel. This means that the double-sided panels don't make sense on the roof, as they are almost clinging to the roof. They're best used in large commercial installations, where they're suspended from poles with plenty of room for light to bounce off the back.

Double-sided panels outperformed traditional single-sided panels throughout the year. Under ideal conditions, double-sided panels can generate 27% more energy.

Double-sided panels can be used at home

Bifacial solar PV panels don't cost much more than other solar panels, so if you have the right place, they're an attractive option. Even if there is no benefit to installing them on the roof, in some cases homeowners may still opt for double-sided panels.

Bifacial panels may be a good option if the solar panels are installed on the ground rather than on the roof. This is especially true if you live in a snowy area, or if you can mount it on a more reflective surface like sand.

It may also be beneficial if a double-sided panel is used to build a covering on the exterior area. A pergola or awning with open space below will be far enough from the ground to allow reflected light to reach the back of the panel. Creative people may find other better ways to deploy double-sided panels.

Although not helpful in most residential applications, double-sided panels are another tool that can help you absorb more energy from the sun. Using them in the right circumstances can help you reach your energy goals for a fraction of the extra cost.

What is the role of solar photovoltaic modules?
What are the application fields of solar photovoltaic modules?

Solar photovoltaic modules are the core part of the solar power generation system, and also the most important part of the solar power generation system.

Application fields of solar photovoltaic modules

1. User solar power supply: 

(1) small power supply ranging from 10-100W, used for military and civilian life in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas, frontier posts, etc., such as lighting, TV, tape recorders, etc.; 

(2) 3 - 5KW home roof grid-connected power generation system; 

(3) Photovoltaic water pump: solve deep water well drinking and irrigation in areas without electricity.

2. Transportation field: such as beacon lights, traffic/railway signal lights, traffic warning/sign lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstruction lights, highway/railway wireless telephone booths, unattended road shift power supply, etc.

3. Communication/communication field: solar unattended microwave relay station, optical cable maintenance station, broadcast/communication/paging power system; rural carrier telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, GPS power supply for soldiers, etc.

4. Petroleum, marine, and meteorological fields: cathodic protection solar power systems for oil pipelines and reservoir gates, domestic and emergency power supplies for oil drilling platforms, marine testing equipment, meteorological/hydrological observation equipment, etc.

5. Household lamp power supply: such as garden lamps, street lamps, portable lamps, camping lamps, mountaineering lamps, fishing lamps, black light lamps, rubber tapping lamps, energy-saving lamps, etc.

6. Photovoltaic power station: 10KW-50MW independent photovoltaic power station, wind-solar (firewood) complementary power station, various large parking plant charging stations, etc.

7. Solar buildings: Combining solar power generation with building materials will enable large buildings in the future to achieve self-sufficiency in electricity, which is a major development direction in the future.

8. Other fields include: 

(1) Supporting cars: solar cars/electric cars, battery charging equipment, car air conditioners, ventilation fans, cold drink boxes, etc.; 

(2) Solar hydrogen production plus fuel cell regenerative power generation system; 

(3) Sea water Power supply for desalination equipment; 

(4) Satellites, spacecraft, space solar power plants, etc.

Photovoltaic energy storage power generation main energy storage technology

my country's photovoltaic industry has great potential for development. Do you know what are the main energy storage technologies for photovoltaic energy storage power generation?

Pumped water energy storage: Pump water for energy storage when the power supply of the grid is excessive, release water for power generation when the power supply is insufficient, reduce the impact on the grid caused by the integration of renewable energy power generation into the grid, and keep the power generation of the system in a stable state.

Flywheel energy storage: Flywheel energy storage has the advantages of high power density, long equipment life, clean and environmental protection, strong adaptability, and no need for frequent maintenance. However, flywheel energy storage has low energy density and high installation and maintenance costs. The system is used together.

Compressed air energy storage: When the power consumption is low, the air is compressed and stored by the electric energy and then released during the peak power consumption. The released air is burned and heated to drive the motor to generate electricity.

Battery energy storage: Although lead-acid batteries are cheap, they have a short service life and cause serious environmental pollution; lithium batteries have the advantages of high energy density and long service life, but they are prone to failure or even explosion in short circuit, overcharge and other conditions , has safety hazards; sodium/sulfur batteries have the advantages of large current discharge and long life, but they are easy to cause safety problems when they are overcharged.

Superconducting energy storage: It has the advantages of high energy storage and high charging/discharging efficiency, which can improve power transmission capacity and power quality, but the cost is relatively high.

Supercapacitor energy storage: Supercapacitors store charges on the plates, and their charging and discharging are physical processes, which are mainly suitable for occasions with high power and small capacity.

The inverter not only has the function of DC to AC conversion, but also has the function of maximizing the performance of solar cells and the function of system fault protection. In summary, there are automatic operation and shutdown functions, maximum power tracking control functions, anti-solitary operation functions (for grid-connected systems), automatic voltage adjustment functions (for grid-connected systems), DC detection functions (for grid-connected systems), and DC grounding detection function (for grid-connected systems).

The following briefly introduces the automatic operation and shutdown functions and the maximum power tracking control function:

1. Automatic operation and shutdown function

After sunrise in the morning, the intensity of solar radiation increases gradually, and the output of solar cells also increases accordingly. When the output power required by the inverter is reached, the inverter starts to run automatically. After starting to run, the 10kw 3 phase off grid hybrid solar inverter will monitor the output of the solar cell components all the time, as long as the output power of the solar cell components is greater than the output power required by the inverter, the inverter will continue to run; it will stop until sunset, even on cloudy and rainy days The inverter also works. When the output of the solar cell module becomes smaller and the output of the inverter is close to 0, the inverter will form a standby state.

2. Maximum power tracking control function

The output of the solar cell module varies with the intensity of solar radiation and the temperature of the solar cell module itself. In addition, because the solar cell module has the characteristic that the voltage decreases with the increase of the current, so there is an optimal operating point that can obtain the maximum power. The intensity of solar radiation is changing, and obviously the best working point is also changing. Relative to these changes, the operating point of the solar cell module is always at the maximum power point, and the system always obtains the maximum power output from the solar cell module. This kind of control is maximum power tracking control. The biggest feature of the inverter used in the solar power generation system is that it includes the function of maximum power point tracking.

The characteristics of photovoltaic inverters are:

1. Higher efficiency. Due to the high price of solar cells at present, in order to maximize the use of solar cells and improve system efficiency, it is necessary to try to improve the efficiency of the inverter.

2. High reliability. At present, the photovoltaic power station system is mainly used in remote areas, and many power stations are unattended and maintained. This requires the inverter to have a reasonable circuit structure, strict component selection, and requires the inverter to have various protection functions, such as input DC Polarity reversal protection, AC output short-circuit protection, over-temperature and overload protection, etc.

3. The input voltage has a wide range of adaptation. Since the terminal voltage of the solar cell changes with the load and the intensity of sunlight, especially when the battery ages, the terminal voltage varies greatly. For example, for a 12V battery, the terminal voltage may vary between 10V-16V, which requires The inverter guarantees normal operation within a large DC input voltage range.

PERC solar cell technology is currently at the top with the highest market share of 75% in the solar industry, while heterojunction solar cell technology started to be adopted in 2019 and its market share was only 5.2021% by 2019. TOPCon is almost non-existent in the market, already accounting for 8% of the PV market, but it may start to grow in 2023 as major manufacturers switch from PERC/PERT to TOPCon.

Considering the technical specifications, PERC technology has been left behind by heterojunction and TOPCon solar cell technologies. PERC has an efficiency of 24.5% and a bifacial coefficient of 70%, while TOPCon has an efficiency of 26.1% and a bifacial coefficient of 85%, while a heterojunction has an efficiency of 26.56% and a bifacial coefficient of 92%. Compared with TOPCon, the temperature coefficient of PERC solar cells is worse at 0.3%/ºC, while the temperature coefficient of heterojunction solar cells is even lower than 0.21%/ºC.

Heterojunction solar cells may look promising, but the technology has had major setbacks due to the high cost of producing solar cells and their incompatibility with current technology's production lines. This is where TOPCon solar cells have a head start, because TOPCon solar cells require virtually the same production line as PERC/PERT, and the cost is very similar.

Considering that the technical specifications of HJT and TOPCon solar cells are similar, but considering the setbacks of HJT technology, it is understandable why major manufacturers such as Trina Solar, JinkoSolar, LONGi, etc. choose TOPCon solar cells over HJT .

Photovoltaic glass, also known as "photoelectric glass", is a special glass that presses solar photovoltaic modules, can use solar radiation to generate electricity, and has related current extraction devices and cables. It is composed of glass, solar cells, film, back glass, special metal wires, etc. It is the most novel high-tech glass product for construction.

The main raw materials of photovoltaic glass include quartz sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, sodium nitrate, Glauber's salt, sodium pyroantimonate, aluminum hydroxide, etc. Its production process is mainly divided into two major links: original film production and deep processing. The production of the original sheet is to obtain the untreated semi-finished photovoltaic original sheet after five steps of mixing, melting, calendering, annealing and cutting of raw materials, and then further processing. The deep processing process includes two processes of tempering and coating. The original film is edged and then tempered to obtain a tempered sheet, or tempered + coated to obtain a coated sheet for component packaging.

At present, the mainstream product of photovoltaic glass is low-iron toughened patterned glass (also known as toughened suede glass), with a thickness of 3.2mm or 4mm. In the wavelength range of solar cell spectral response (380~1100nm), the light transmittance can Up to 91%, and has a high reflectivity for infrared light greater than 1200nm. It is made by using a special embossing machine to press a special pyramid-shaped pattern on the surface of ultra-white glass.

The main function of photovoltaic glass is to protect the battery from water vapor erosion, block oxygen to prevent oxidation, high and low temperature resistance, good insulation and aging resistance. It is an important part of solar photovoltaic modules and has important values of protecting cells and light transmission.

The advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic glass are as follows:

advantage:

Photovoltaic glass can use solar radiation to generate electricity, which is a clean and renewable green energy.

Photovoltaic glass has the functions of protecting batteries from water vapor erosion, blocking oxygen to prevent oxidation, high and low temperature resistance, good insulation and aging resistance.

Photovoltaic glass can improve the light transmittance of glass, increase the transmittance of light, and improve the efficiency of photoelectric conversion.

Photovoltaic glass can save space and be installed on idle roofs or exterior walls without occupying additional land.

Photovoltaic glass can reduce the comprehensive outdoor temperature, reduce the heat gain of the wall and the cooling load of the indoor air conditioner, and play a role in building energy saving.

shortcoming:

Photovoltaic glass is expensive and requires professional installation and maintenance.

The power generation of photovoltaic glass is affected by sunshine conditions and seasonal changes, which is unstable.

Photovoltaic glass may have quality problems such as self-explosion, delamination, blistering, bulging, and yellowing, which affect service life and safety.

Photovoltaic glass needs to be connected to the grid and is restricted by grid policies and prices.

What is the definition and difference between distributed photovoltaic and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)?

When it comes to photovoltaic (photovoltaic) systems, distributed photovoltaics and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are two related but distinct concepts. Here are their definitions and differences:

Distributed Photovoltaics:

Definition: Distributed photovoltaic refers to a photovoltaic system that installs solar photovoltaic panels at scattered locations in buildings, facilities or areas to generate electricity and meet local electricity demand.

Features:

a. Decentralized layout: Photovoltaic panels are installed in multiple locations, which can be the roof, wall or ground of a building, or the covering of a facility.

b. Grid connection: The distributed photovoltaic system is connected to the main power network through the grid, which can inject the power generation of multiple systems into the grid, and can also obtain supplementary power from the grid.

c. Satisfaction of electricity demand: distributed photovoltaic systems are designed to meet local electricity demand and reduce dependence on traditional power supply.

d. Scalability: Since the system is dispersed in multiple locations, the distributed photovoltaic system can be expanded as needed to accommodate power generation of different scales and demands.

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV):

Definition: Building-integrated photovoltaics is a photovoltaic system that integrates solar photovoltaic modules into the design and construction of the building itself to achieve simultaneous power generation and building functions.

Features:

a. Building structure: The photovoltaic modules of the BIPV system are designed to be combined with the building's exterior walls, roofs, windows, etc., replacing traditional building materials such as bricks, tiles, and glass.

b. Integrated design: The design of BIPV system takes into account the appearance, structure and functional requirements of the building to achieve beautiful and reliable photovoltaic power generation.

c. Dual function: In addition to power generation, BIPV system can also provide heat insulation, sunshade, protection and decoration functions of buildings.

d. Building integration: The photovoltaic modules of the BIPV system are tightly integrated with other systems of the building (such as the power system and ventilation system) to achieve efficient energy utilization.

the difference:

Installation location: Distributed photovoltaics can be installed in various locations of the building, including roofs, walls, and ground, while the photovoltaic modules of the BIPV system are designed and installed as part of the building.

Purpose and function: Distributed photovoltaics are designed to meet local electricity demand and inject the power generation of multiple systems into the grid, while BIPV not only generates electricity, but also has the functions of buildings, such as heat insulation, sunshade and decoration.

Design considerations: The BIPV system needs to match the appearance, structure and functional requirements of the building to achieve an integrated design, while the design of distributed photovoltaics pays more attention to power generation efficiency and system scalability.

Installation and integration: The installation of distributed photovoltaics is relatively simple, and photovoltaic modules can be added to existing buildings, while BIPV requires the integration of photovoltaic modules during the design and construction of buildings.

To sum up, distributed photovoltaics focus on power generation and meet electricity demand, which is achieved by installing photovoltaic systems in different locations; while BIPV systems are integrated into the design and construction of buildings, with both power generation and building functions, to achieve integrated photovoltaic solutions.