The inverter not only has the function of DC to AC conversion, but also has the function of maximizing the performance of solar cells and the function of system fault protection. In summary, there are automatic operation and shutdown functions, maximum power tracking control functions, anti-solitary operation functions (for grid-connected systems), automatic voltage adjustment functions (for grid-connected systems), DC detection functions (for grid-connected systems), and DC grounding detection function (for grid-connected systems).

The following briefly introduces the automatic operation and shutdown functions and the maximum power tracking control function:

1. Automatic operation and shutdown function

After sunrise in the morning, the intensity of solar radiation increases gradually, and the output of solar cells also increases accordingly. When the output power required by the inverter is reached, the inverter starts to run automatically. After starting to run, the 10kw 3 phase off grid hybrid solar inverter will monitor the output of the solar cell components all the time, as long as the output power of the solar cell components is greater than the output power required by the inverter, the inverter will continue to run; it will stop until sunset, even on cloudy and rainy days The inverter also works. When the output of the solar cell module becomes smaller and the output of the inverter is close to 0, the inverter will form a standby state.

2. Maximum power tracking control function

The output of the solar cell module varies with the intensity of solar radiation and the temperature of the solar cell module itself. In addition, because the solar cell module has the characteristic that the voltage decreases with the increase of the current, so there is an optimal operating point that can obtain the maximum power. The intensity of solar radiation is changing, and obviously the best working point is also changing. Relative to these changes, the operating point of the solar cell module is always at the maximum power point, and the system always obtains the maximum power output from the solar cell module. This kind of control is maximum power tracking control. The biggest feature of the inverter used in the solar power generation system is that it includes the function of maximum power point tracking.

The characteristics of photovoltaic inverters are:

1. Higher efficiency. Due to the high price of solar cells at present, in order to maximize the use of solar cells and improve system efficiency, it is necessary to try to improve the efficiency of the inverter.

2. High reliability. At present, the photovoltaic power station system is mainly used in remote areas, and many power stations are unattended and maintained. This requires the inverter to have a reasonable circuit structure, strict component selection, and requires the inverter to have various protection functions, such as input DC Polarity reversal protection, AC output short-circuit protection, over-temperature and overload protection, etc.

3. The input voltage has a wide range of adaptation. Since the terminal voltage of the solar cell changes with the load and the intensity of sunlight, especially when the battery ages, the terminal voltage varies greatly. For example, for a 12V battery, the terminal voltage may vary between 10V-16V, which requires The inverter guarantees normal operation within a large DC input voltage range.

PERC solar cell technology is currently at the top with the highest market share of 75% in the solar industry, while heterojunction solar cell technology started to be adopted in 2019 and its market share was only 5.2021% by 2019. TOPCon is almost non-existent in the market, already accounting for 8% of the PV market, but it may start to grow in 2023 as major manufacturers switch from PERC/PERT to TOPCon.

Considering the technical specifications, PERC technology has been left behind by heterojunction and TOPCon solar cell technologies. PERC has an efficiency of 24.5% and a bifacial coefficient of 70%, while TOPCon has an efficiency of 26.1% and a bifacial coefficient of 85%, while a heterojunction has an efficiency of 26.56% and a bifacial coefficient of 92%. Compared with TOPCon, the temperature coefficient of PERC solar cells is worse at 0.3%/ºC, while the temperature coefficient of heterojunction solar cells is even lower than 0.21%/ºC.

Heterojunction solar cells may look promising, but the technology has had major setbacks due to the high cost of producing solar cells and their incompatibility with current technology's production lines. This is where TOPCon solar cells have a head start, because TOPCon solar cells require virtually the same production line as PERC/PERT, and the cost is very similar.

Considering that the technical specifications of HJT and TOPCon solar cells are similar, but considering the setbacks of HJT technology, it is understandable why major manufacturers such as Trina Solar, JinkoSolar, LONGi, etc. choose TOPCon solar cells over HJT .

Photovoltaic glass, also known as "photoelectric glass", is a special glass that presses solar photovoltaic modules, can use solar radiation to generate electricity, and has related current extraction devices and cables. It is composed of glass, solar cells, film, back glass, special metal wires, etc. It is the most novel high-tech glass product for construction.

The main raw materials of photovoltaic glass include quartz sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, sodium nitrate, Glauber's salt, sodium pyroantimonate, aluminum hydroxide, etc. Its production process is mainly divided into two major links: original film production and deep processing. The production of the original sheet is to obtain the untreated semi-finished photovoltaic original sheet after five steps of mixing, melting, calendering, annealing and cutting of raw materials, and then further processing. The deep processing process includes two processes of tempering and coating. The original film is edged and then tempered to obtain a tempered sheet, or tempered + coated to obtain a coated sheet for component packaging.

At present, the mainstream product of photovoltaic glass is low-iron toughened patterned glass (also known as toughened suede glass), with a thickness of 3.2mm or 4mm. In the wavelength range of solar cell spectral response (380~1100nm), the light transmittance can Up to 91%, and has a high reflectivity for infrared light greater than 1200nm. It is made by using a special embossing machine to press a special pyramid-shaped pattern on the surface of ultra-white glass.

The main function of photovoltaic glass is to protect the battery from water vapor erosion, block oxygen to prevent oxidation, high and low temperature resistance, good insulation and aging resistance. It is an important part of solar photovoltaic modules and has important values of protecting cells and light transmission.

The advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic glass are as follows:

advantage:

Photovoltaic glass can use solar radiation to generate electricity, which is a clean and renewable green energy.

Photovoltaic glass has the functions of protecting batteries from water vapor erosion, blocking oxygen to prevent oxidation, high and low temperature resistance, good insulation and aging resistance.

Photovoltaic glass can improve the light transmittance of glass, increase the transmittance of light, and improve the efficiency of photoelectric conversion.

Photovoltaic glass can save space and be installed on idle roofs or exterior walls without occupying additional land.

Photovoltaic glass can reduce the comprehensive outdoor temperature, reduce the heat gain of the wall and the cooling load of the indoor air conditioner, and play a role in building energy saving.

shortcoming:

Photovoltaic glass is expensive and requires professional installation and maintenance.

The power generation of photovoltaic glass is affected by sunshine conditions and seasonal changes, which is unstable.

Photovoltaic glass may have quality problems such as self-explosion, delamination, blistering, bulging, and yellowing, which affect service life and safety.

Photovoltaic glass needs to be connected to the grid and is restricted by grid policies and prices.

What is the definition and difference between distributed photovoltaic and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)?

When it comes to photovoltaic (photovoltaic) systems, distributed photovoltaics and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are two related but distinct concepts. Here are their definitions and differences:

Distributed Photovoltaics:

Definition: Distributed photovoltaic refers to a photovoltaic system that installs solar photovoltaic panels at scattered locations in buildings, facilities or areas to generate electricity and meet local electricity demand.

Features:

a. Decentralized layout: Photovoltaic panels are installed in multiple locations, which can be the roof, wall or ground of a building, or the covering of a facility.

b. Grid connection: The distributed photovoltaic system is connected to the main power network through the grid, which can inject the power generation of multiple systems into the grid, and can also obtain supplementary power from the grid.

c. Satisfaction of electricity demand: distributed photovoltaic systems are designed to meet local electricity demand and reduce dependence on traditional power supply.

d. Scalability: Since the system is dispersed in multiple locations, the distributed photovoltaic system can be expanded as needed to accommodate power generation of different scales and demands.

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV):

Definition: Building-integrated photovoltaics is a photovoltaic system that integrates solar photovoltaic modules into the design and construction of the building itself to achieve simultaneous power generation and building functions.

Features:

a. Building structure: The photovoltaic modules of the BIPV system are designed to be combined with the building's exterior walls, roofs, windows, etc., replacing traditional building materials such as bricks, tiles, and glass.

b. Integrated design: The design of BIPV system takes into account the appearance, structure and functional requirements of the building to achieve beautiful and reliable photovoltaic power generation.

c. Dual function: In addition to power generation, BIPV system can also provide heat insulation, sunshade, protection and decoration functions of buildings.

d. Building integration: The photovoltaic modules of the BIPV system are tightly integrated with other systems of the building (such as the power system and ventilation system) to achieve efficient energy utilization.

the difference:

Installation location: Distributed photovoltaics can be installed in various locations of the building, including roofs, walls, and ground, while the photovoltaic modules of the BIPV system are designed and installed as part of the building.

Purpose and function: Distributed photovoltaics are designed to meet local electricity demand and inject the power generation of multiple systems into the grid, while BIPV not only generates electricity, but also has the functions of buildings, such as heat insulation, sunshade and decoration.

Design considerations: The BIPV system needs to match the appearance, structure and functional requirements of the building to achieve an integrated design, while the design of distributed photovoltaics pays more attention to power generation efficiency and system scalability.

Installation and integration: The installation of distributed photovoltaics is relatively simple, and photovoltaic modules can be added to existing buildings, while BIPV requires the integration of photovoltaic modules during the design and construction of buildings.

To sum up, distributed photovoltaics focus on power generation and meet electricity demand, which is achieved by installing photovoltaic systems in different locations; while BIPV systems are integrated into the design and construction of buildings, with both power generation and building functions, to achieve integrated photovoltaic solutions.

Investment cost and rate of return of distributed photovoltaics?

The investment cost and rate of return of distributed photovoltaics can vary due to factors such as project scale, location, type of photovoltaic modules, installation method, and electricity price policy. The following are some reference information on the investment cost and return rate of distributed photovoltaic projects in general:

1. Investment cost
Photovoltaic modules: Photovoltaic modules are the core components of distributed photovoltaic systems, and their prices depend on the type and brand. In the investment cost, photovoltaic modules usually occupy a large proportion.

Inverter: The inverter converts the direct current generated by the distributed photovoltaic module into alternating current, and the price of the inverter is also an important part of the investment cost.

Structural support and installation: The support and labor installation costs for installing photovoltaic modules are also included in the investment cost.

Cables and electrical equipment: Cable routing and electrical equipment are an essential part of the system and part of the investment cost.

 

System design and engineering: including system design and engineering costs.

2. Income and rate of return
Power generation income: Distributed photovoltaic systems generate income by injecting electricity into the grid or providing electricity for their own electricity consumption. Benefits are related to solar resources, system performance, and electricity price policies.

Saving electricity bills: Distributed photovoltaic systems can reduce electricity purchased from the grid, thereby saving electricity bills.

Energy subsidies: In some regions, the government may provide subsidies or incentives for solar photovoltaic power generation, which can also be a source of income. The rate of return can be assessed by calculating the payback period. ROI refers to the time required to pay back the investment cost, usually calculated in years. A shorter payback period means a higher rate of return.

It should be noted that the investment cost and rate of return of distributed photovoltaic projects will be affected by many factors, including energy policy, electricity price policy, solar resource conditions, project scale, component quality, etc. Before investing in distributed photovoltaic projects, it is best to conduct detailed economic analysis and feasibility studies to fully evaluate the potential returns and risks of the project.

Seven major changes that photovoltaic power generation has brought us

In recent years, the government has developed and utilized renewable resources such as solar energy on a large scale, cultivating the new energy industry as a strategic leading industry for a new round of economic growth, and promoting the construction of new energy projects. So, what opportunities for wealth creation does photovoltaics bring us, and what changes will it bring us? Sunpal will take you to see it together.

wealth creation opportunity
1. Industrial and commercial photovoltaic roofs

Today, a group of qualified industrial and commercial enterprises have installed distributed photovoltaic power generation systems on their roofs. Due to the need to control smog, the country will introduce relevant policies in more cities in the future to allow the installation of photovoltaic new energy systems on the roofs of industrial and commercial facilities and public facilities.

2. Carbon trading starts
Due to the needs of environmental protection, the country may restrict carbon emissions through carbon emission taxes. At this time, clean new energy photovoltaics have become the darling. Individuals or enterprises can join the carbon trading system by installing photovoltaic power plants, and get more by selling green electricity. income.

3. Low-carbon products are more popular
When a product is labeled with a green label for electricity, similar to foods with calories marked, and all products are marked with how much electricity was used to produce the product and how much carbon dioxide is produced, people will choose similar products with less carbon emissions to promote environmental protection.

4. Rural health benefits
The popularization of distributed photovoltaics can play a very good role in environmental protection. When various facilities in rural areas can use photovoltaics, the ecological environment in rural areas will also be greatly improved.

Photovoltaic changes every aspect of life

1. Fashion and beauty become the focus
The solar power system is equipped with beautiful buildings, elegant colors, fashion, and the overall effect is beautiful and atmospheric.

2. Energy saving, environmental protection and smog reduction
Photovoltaic power generation system is a safe, green and sustainable clean energy, which not only saves energy but also reduces carbon dioxide emissions, and the effect of planting trees can be achieved by generating electricity every day.

3. Heat insulation and cooling in summer
The solar cell module absorbs a wide range of spectra and can absorb solar radiation to a large extent, thus playing a good heat insulation effect.

Crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules are an important part of the photovoltaic power generation system. The quality of the modules directly affects the power generation performance of the power station. The main components are tempered glass, EVA, cells, ribbons, backplanes, frames, junction boxes, sealants, etc. Material properties and common appearance defects are as follows:

Learn to understand the composition and structure of photovoltaic modules

1. Cells

Crystalline silicon cells are mainly made of semiconductor silicon. After the light is irradiated on the semiconductor, the P-N junction of the cell receives light (the P-type junction is silicon doped with trivalent boron, the N-type junction is silicon doped with pentavalent phosphorus, the junction of the two is the P-N junction, and silicon is tetravalent Semiconductors) create a potential difference and thus a current flow. At present, the thickness of the cell is 200±20μm, and it is easy to be damaged by force during the production process. The common problems are shown in the figure below:

2. Ribbon

The soldering strips used in multibusbar solar photovoltaic modules are tin-coated copper strips, which are divided into interconnection strips and bus strips. The interconnection strips are used to connect battery sheets, and the bus strips are used to connect battery strings, which play the role of conducting electricity and collecting electricity; common defects at the welding strips include welding There are material problems and welding problems, as shown in the figure below:

3. Glass

The photovoltaic module adopts low-iron toughened suede glass (or coating), which has the protection of battery cells, waterproof, high light transmittance, reliable wind pressure resistance, and hail impact resistance. Common problems can be divided into glass material reasons and external force reasons, as shown in the following figure:

4. EVA

EVA is used to encapsulate spliced battery strings, which is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. EVA is non-viscosity at room temperature and easy to operate. After certain process conditions, hot pressing will undergo fusion bonding and cross-linking curing, and become completely transparent. The cured EVA can withstand atmospheric changes and is elastic. In addition, after it is bonded to glass, it can increase the light transmittance of the glass, play the role of anti-reflection, and have a gain effect on the output of solar cell components. Common problems can be divided into material reasons and process reasons, as shown in the following figure:

5. Backplane

At present, the commonly used backplane structures include TPT, TPE, TPF, KPK, KPF, etc., which are used as packaging materials on the back of the module. It reflects sunlight, so the efficiency of the module is slightly improved, and because of its high infrared emissivity, it can also reduce the operating temperature of the module, which is also conducive to improving the efficiency of the module. It also needs to have properties such as aging resistance, corrosion resistance, water vapor penetration resistance, and insulation. Common problems can be divided into backplane material, process, and external force reasons, as shown in the following figure:

6. Border

The frame used by the PERC photovoltaic module is aluminum profile, and the surface of the aluminum profile is anodized, which has the properties of insulation and corrosion resistance, protects the component, increases the load-bearing capacity, and is convenient for transportation and installation. Common problems can be divided into material reasons and external force reasons, as shown in the figure below:

7. Junction box

The junction box used by photovoltaic modules is composed of a box cover, a box body, a pole tube, a connecting wire, and a connector; the sealing method usually includes potting glue sealing and sealing ring sealing, and its main functions are as follows:

(1) Connect the lead wire of the component to derive the current generated by the component.

(2) Protection: heat dissipation, prevent hot spot effect, seal anti-aging.

The common problems of junction boxes are mainly due to material and process reasons, as shown in the following figure:

8. Sealant

Photovoltaic modules are currently mainly sealed with silica gel or adhesive tape, which must have the characteristics of waterproof, UV resistance, and weather resistance, as shown in the figure below:

(1) Connect the lead wire of the component to derive the current generated by the component.

(2) Protection: heat dissipation, prevent hot spot effect, seal anti-aging.

A solar panel is a device that uses solar energy to convert light energy into electrical energy, and is an important form of clean energy. The power generation efficiency and stability of solar power generation panels directly affect the feasibility and economy of solar power generation. With the development of the Internet of Things technology, the emergence of the solar power generation panel Internet of Things intelligent control system has brought new changes to the application of solar power generation.

1. The concept and composition of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system
the
The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system is a system that uses the Internet of Things technology to realize intelligent control of solar power panels. The system is composed of solar power panels, sensors, controllers, communication modules, data processing modules, etc., and realizes the monitoring, control and management of solar power panels through the Internet of Things technology.

1. Solar panels: Solar panels are the core components of solar power generation systems, responsible for converting solar energy into electrical energy.

2. Sensor: The sensor is an important part of the solar power panel IoT intelligent control system, which is responsible for monitoring the temperature, light intensity, voltage and other parameters of the solar power panel.

3. Controller: The controller is the core part of the solar power panel IoT intelligent control system, responsible for controlling and adjusting the solar power panel to ensure the normal operation of the solar power system.

4. Communication module: The communication module is an important part of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system, which is responsible for communicating with the Internet to realize remote control and management.

5. Data processing module: The data processing module is an important part of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system, which is responsible for processing and analyzing the data collected by the solar panel sensor and providing decision support.

2. Functions and advantages of the solar panel IoT intelligent control system

1. Remote monitoring and control: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can realize remote monitoring and control of solar power panels, which is convenient for users to perform remote management and control.

2. Intelligent adjustment: The intelligent control system of the solar power generation panel Internet of Things can perform intelligent adjustment and control according to the temperature, light intensity, voltage and other parameters of the solar power generation panel monitored in real time, so as to improve the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system.

3. Fault diagnosis and early warning: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can monitor the operating status of the solar power panel, perform fault diagnosis and early warning in time, and reduce failure losses.

4. Energy saving and emission reduction: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can intelligently manage and control the solar power generation system, saving energy and reducing carbon emissions.

5. Improve economic benefits: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can improve the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system, reduce operating costs, and improve economic benefits.

3. Application of solar power panel IoT intelligent control system

The solar panel IoT intelligent control system can be widely used in the field of solar power generation, including household solar power generation, commercial solar power generation, industrial solar power generation and other fields. Specific applications include:

1. Home solar power generation system: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can realize remote monitoring and control of the home solar power generation system, improving the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system.

2. Commercial solar power generation system: The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system can realize intelligent management and control of commercial solar power generation systems and improve economic benefits.

3. Industrial solar power generation system: The intelligent control system of the solar power generation panel Internet of Things can realize the intelligent control and adjustment of the industrial solar power generation system, and improve the efficiency and stability of the solar power generation system.

4. Conclusion

The solar power panel IoT intelligent control system is a system that uses the Internet of Things technology to realize intelligent control of solar power panels. It has the advantages of remote monitoring and control, intelligent adjustment, fault diagnosis and early warning, energy saving and emission reduction, and improvement of economic benefits. The system can be widely used in the field of solar power generation, and has brought new changes to the application of solar power generation.

As people's concern for environmental protection and energy saving continues to increase, the application of new solar energy in RVs is becoming more and more widespread. The following are some common solar energy products used in RVs:

Lithium iron phosphate battery

Lithium iron phosphate battery is an efficient, environmentally friendly and safe energy storage device, which is commonly used in the energy storage system of RV. It is capable of storing the electricity generated by solar panels and providing power for the electrical equipment of the caravan when needed. Compared with traditional lead-acid batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries have higher energy density and longer service life.

Solar panel

Solar panel is the most basic application of solar energy in RV, which utilizes solar energy to convert into DC power device, and is one of the most common solar energy products in RV. Solar panels are usually installed on the top of the car or outside of the car body, which can absorb solar energy during traveling or parking to provide electricity for the electrical equipment of the caravan. By installing solar panels on the top or outside of the caravan, solar energy can be absorbed and converted into electricity to provide clean energy for the caravan. Solar panels can not only provide electricity for the RV, but also provide sufficient energy for various electrical devices in the RV.

Solar vent

Solar vent is a kind of solar-powered ventilation equipment, which can provide fresh air inside the caravan, exhaust the hot air inside the caravan, and at the same time introduce fresh air into the caravan to ensure the air quality inside the caravan. This equipment not only saves energy and protects the environment, but also improves the living comfort of the caravan. It can effectively ventilate the interior of the caravan. In the hot summer, the temperature inside the caravan is high, using solar exhaust fan can effectively reduce the temperature inside the caravan and improve the comfort of the caravan.

Inverter

Inverter is a kind of electronic equipment that converts DC power to AC power. Using inverter in RV can convert DC power in Li-FePO4 battery to AC power for various electrical devices in RV. The power and voltage selection of the inverter needs to be selected according to the power and voltage requirements of the caravan equipment to ensure the normal operation of the equipment, and to be able to prevent the current from being too large or too small to cause damage to the electrical equipment. At the same time, in order to ensure safety, it is also very important to choose a reliable quality inverter that meets the national standards. Commonly used in the power management system of the caravan.

 

In conclusion, the application of new solar energy in RVs has a wide range of prospects and great potential. The use of these products not only reduces energy consumption and protects the environment, but also improves the range and living comfort of RVs. With the continuous progress of technology and the reduction of application costs, it is believed that the application of new solar energy in RVs will become more and more popular.

In the realm of street lighting, the evolution of technology has led to the emergence of solar-powered alternatives alongside traditional grid-connected lights. This development raises the pertinent question: what sets solar street lights apart from their conventional counterparts? Let’s delve into the distinctions and advantages of each.

 

1. Power Source:

 

Solar Street Lights: These utilize photovoltaic panels to harness sunlight and convert it into electricity. This means they operate independently of the electrical grid, relying solely on solar energy. High efficiency small solar panels play a crucial role here, efficiently capturing sunlight and transforming it into usable power.

Normal Street Lights: Conversely, traditional street lights are powered by electricity from the grid. They require a constant connection to the power supply network, making them dependent on infrastructure and susceptible to power outages.

2. Environmental Impact:

 

Solar Street Lights: By harnessing renewable energy from the sun, these lights have a significantly lower carbon footprint compared to grid-powered lights. They contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating environmental degradation.

Normal Street Lights: Grid-connected lights rely on non-renewable energy sources such as coal or natural gas, leading to higher emissions and environmental harm.

3. Installation and Maintenance:

 

Solar Street Lights: Installation of solar street lights is often simpler and more cost-effective since they do not require extensive wiring or trenching for power connections. Additionally, their off-grid nature means they can be conveniently portable, making them suitable for remote or temporary lighting needs. Small size solar panels off-grid power facilitates flexibility in placement and installation.

Normal Street Lights: These lights necessitate complex installation procedures involving trenching for underground wiring and connection to the electrical grid. Maintenance also requires periodic checks and repairs to the electrical components.

4. Cost Efficiency:

 

Solar Street Lights: While the initial investment for solar street lights may be higher due to the cost of photovoltaic panels and batteries, they offer long-term cost savings by eliminating electricity bills and reducing maintenance expenses.

Normal Street Lights: Although traditional street lights may have lower upfront costs, they incur ongoing expenses for electricity consumption and maintenance, making them less cost-effective in the long run.

 

The key disparities between solar street lights and normal street lights lie in their power source, environmental impact, installation, maintenance, and cost efficiency. Solar street lights, powered by conveniently portable small solar panels, offer a sustainable and independent lighting solution with minimal environmental footprint and long-term economic benefits. As the world embraces renewable energy technologies, solar street lights stand out as a beacon of innovation in the realm of urban illumination.